Build a Flight Tracker

This tutorial shows you how to build your first Cesium app to visualize a real flight from San Francisco to Copenhagen, with radar data collected by FlightRadar24.

You’ll learn how to:

Set up and deploy your Cesium app on the web.
Add base layers of global 3D buildings, terrain, and imagery.
Accurately visualize an airplane from a list of positions over time.

Before you get started

We’re going to get global satellite imagery, 3D buildings, and terrain from Cesium ion, an open platform for streaming and hosting 3D content.

Once you’re logged in:

Go to your Access Tokens tab.
Note the copy button next to the default token. We’ll use this token in the next step.

Cesium ion is an open platform for streaming and hosting 3D content and includes global, curated data that you can use to create your own real-world applications.

1Set up your Cesium app

We’re going to create our app using CesiumJS, an open source JavaScript engine. We’ll use Glitch, an online IDE, to host our app.

1Create a new Glitch project using the basic template we put together.

2Click on index.html in the left-side panel to see the app’s code.

3Replace your_token_here with your access token from your tokens page.

4Run the app by clicking Show in the top and select Next to The Code.

The code in index.html so far does three things:

Imports the CesiumJS library. The JavaScript and CSS files are loaded in these two lines:

<script src="https://cesium.com/downloads/cesiumjs/releases/1.123/Build/Cesium/Cesium.js"></script>
<link href="https://cesium.com/downloads/cesiumjs/releases/1.123/Build/Cesium/Widgets/widgets.css" rel="stylesheet">

Adds an HTML container for the scene: <div id="cesiumContainer"></div>.
Initializes the viewer with: const viewer = new Cesium.Viewer('cesiumContainer');.

You now have a basic CesiumJS app running in your browser with global satellite imagery from Cesium ion.

Configure auto-refresh

Glitch will automatically refresh the page every time the code changes. You can toggle this by clicking on the project name in the top left and unchecking this box:

Use the refresh button on top of the app window to re-run the app:

2Add global 3D buildings and terrain

Let’s add a few global layers to our scene. Your Cesium ion account has access to the following assets by default:

Cesium World Terrain—high-resolution terrain with up to 1 m accuracy.
Cesium OSM Buildings—over 350 million buildings derived from OpenStreetMap data.
Bing Maps Aerial imagery—global satellite imagery with up to 15 cm resolution.

Your app is already using the Bing Maps layer.

1Replace your JavaScript code in index.html with the code below, keeping your access token line from before.

// Keep your `Cesium.Ion.defaultAccessToken = 'your_token_here'` line from before here. 
const viewer = new Cesium.Viewer('cesiumContainer', {
  terrain: Cesium.Terrain.fromWorldTerrain(),
});

const osmBuildings = await Cesium.createOsmBuildingsAsync();
viewer.scene.primitives.add(osmBuildings);

2Explore the scene by clicking and dragging. Tilt the camera by holding CTRL while dragging.

Notice that higher levels of detail are loaded as you zoom in. This allows us to visualize the entire planet with the accuracy required for making real-world decisions.

This is possible because we’re using 3D Tiles, an open standard we pioneered for streaming 3D content to any device. Learn how to convert your own data to 3D Tiles.

3Visualize individual samples

FlightRadar24 tracks air traffic using a number of methods, including radar. For simplicity, we’ll copy the radar data directly into our app, but you can later extend this code to parse the original data or even visualize live air traffic as samples are passed to your app from a server. If you’re curious, the raw data collected for this flight is available for download.

1Add the code below to visualize a single point in your scene and fly the camera to it.

2Click on the red point to see the description attached to it. This description can be used to attach information like the exact position of each point or the time it was captured.

// STEP 3 CODE (first point)
// This is one of the first radar samples collected for our flight.
const dataPoint = { longitude: -122.38985, latitude: 37.61864, height: -27.32 };
// Mark this location with a red point.
const pointEntity = viewer.entities.add({
  description: `First data point at (${dataPoint.longitude}, ${dataPoint.latitude})`,
  position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(dataPoint.longitude, dataPoint.latitude, dataPoint.height),
  point: { pixelSize: 10, color: Cesium.Color.RED }
});
// Fly the camera to this point.
viewer.flyTo(pointEntity);

4To visualize the entire series of radar samples, replace the code (step 3) above with the following snippet.

// STEP 3 CODE (all points)
// These are all the radar points from this flight.
const flightData = JSON.parse(
  '[{"longitude":-122.39053,"latitude":37.61779,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39035,"latitude":37.61803,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39019,"latitude":37.61826,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39006,"latitude":37.6185,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.38985,"latitude":37.61864,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39005,"latitude":37.61874,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39027,"latitude":37.61884,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39057,"latitude":37.61898,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39091,"latitude":37.61912,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39121,"latitude":37.61926,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39153,"latitude":37.61937,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39175,"latitude":37.61948,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39207,"latitude":37.6196,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39247,"latitude":37.61983,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39253,"latitude":37.62005,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39226,"latitude":37.62048,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39207,"latitude":37.62075,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39186,"latitude":37.62106,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39172,"latitude":37.62127,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39141,"latitude":37.62174,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39097,"latitude":37.62227,"height":-27.32},{"longitude":-122.39061,"latitude":37.6224,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.39027,"latitude":37.62249,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38993,"latitude":37.62256,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.3895,"latitude":37.62267,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.3889,"latitude":37.62256,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38854,"latitude":37.62242,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38814,"latitude":37.62225,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38778,"latitude":37.62209,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38744,"latitude":37.62195,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38671,"latitude":37.62164,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38638,"latitude":37.62151,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38604,"latitude":37.62136,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38571,"latitude":37.62123,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38512,"latitude":37.62098,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.3848,"latitude":37.62084,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38453,"latitude":37.62074,"height":-27.31},{"longitude":-122.38425,"latitude":37.62062,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38397,"latitude":37.62049,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38372,"latitude":37.62039,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.3835,"latitude":37.6203,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38324,"latitude":37.62019,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38271,"latitude":37.61996,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38248,"latitude":37.61986,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38191,"latitude":37.61962,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38159,"latitude":37.6195,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38126,"latitude":37.61935,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38058,"latitude":37.61906,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.38026,"latitude":37.61894,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.37955,"latitude":37.61863,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.37913,"latitude":37.61847,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.3781,"latitude":37.61813,"height":-27.3},{"longitude":-122.37763,"latitude":37.61799,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37663,"latitude":37.61768,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37617,"latitude":37.61753,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37561,"latitude":37.61736,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37532,"latitude":37.61727,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37506,"latitude":37.61718,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37468,"latitude":37.61704,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37436,"latitude":37.61689,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37402,"latitude":37.61674,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37362,"latitude":37.61657,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.3732,"latitude":37.6164,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37235,"latitude":37.61604,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.37198,"latitude":37.61588,"height":-27.29},{"longitude":-122.3716,"latitude":37.61573,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.3712,"latitude":37.61555,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.37032,"latitude":37.61518,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36938,"latitude":37.61476,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36872,"latitude":37.6143,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36811,"latitude":37.61387,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36747,"latitude":37.61352,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36672,"latitude":37.61321,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36602,"latitude":37.61292,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.3655,"latitude":37.61269,"height":-27.28},{"longitude":-122.36498,"latitude":37.61247,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.3639,"latitude":37.61203,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.36337,"latitude":37.6118,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.36254,"latitude":37.61146,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.36203,"latitude":37.61124,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.36154,"latitude":37.61103,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.36106,"latitude":37.61082,"height":-27.27},{"longitude":-122.36029,"lati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);
// Create a point for each.
for (let i = 0; i < flightData.length; i++) {
  const dataPoint = flightData[i];

  viewer.entities.add({
    description: `Location: (${dataPoint.longitude}, ${dataPoint.latitude}, ${dataPoint.height})`,
    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(dataPoint.longitude, dataPoint.latitude, dataPoint.height),
    point: { pixelSize: 10, color: Cesium.Color.RED }
  });
}

Now you can see the full series of the plane’s radar samples, from the gate to the runway, all the way to landing on the runway in Copenhagen!

What coordinate system are we using?

Coordinates in CesiumJS are expressed in ECEF using the Cartesian3 class. In this system, the origin (0, 0, 0) is the center of Earth.

This is why we use Cartesian3.fromDegrees to convert from longitude, latitude, and height to X, Y, and Z in ECEF.

The height in CesiumJS is in meters relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid. We’ve preprocessed the radar data to convert the heights from feet relative to mean sea level to meters relative to the ellipsoid.

5Visualize movement over time

So far we’ve visualized the individual radar samples. CesiumJS has built-in support for interpolating between samples collected over time so we can see where the airplane was at any given moment.

We will create a SampledPositionProperty to store each position along with a timestamp. The source data doesn’t include a timestamp for each sample, but we know the flight number was SK936, which was scheduled to depart March 9, 2020, at 4:10 p.m. PST. We’ll assume the position samples were taken 30 seconds apart.

1Replace all of your JavaScript code in index.html with the code below, keeping only your access token line from the very beginning.

2Explore the animated flight:

Play and pause the animation using the buttons in the bottom left.
Click and drag in the timeline at the bottom to jump through the scene time.
Double-click anywhere on the ground to detach the camera from the moving entity.

// STEP 4 CODE (replaces steps 2 and 3)
// Keep your `Cesium.Ion.defaultAccessToken = 'your_token_here'` line from before here. 
const viewer = new Cesium.Viewer('cesiumContainer', {
  terrainProvider: Cesium.createWorldTerrain()
});
const osmBuildings = viewer.scene.primitives.add(Cesium.createOsmBuildings());

const flightData = JSON.parse(
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);

/* Initialize the viewer clock:
  Assume the radar samples are 30 seconds apart, and calculate the entire flight duration based on that assumption.
  Get the start and stop date times of the flight, where the start is the known flight departure time (converted from PST 
    to UTC) and the stop is the start plus the calculated duration. (Note that Cesium uses Julian dates. See 
    https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day.)
  Initialize the viewer's clock by setting its start and stop to the flight start and stop times we just calculated. 
  Also, set the viewer's current time to the start time and take the user to that time. 
*/
const timeStepInSeconds = 30;
const totalSeconds = timeStepInSeconds * (flightData.length - 1);
const start = Cesium.JulianDate.fromIso8601("2020-03-09T23:10:00Z");
const stop = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(start, totalSeconds, new Cesium.JulianDate());
viewer.clock.startTime = start.clone();
viewer.clock.stopTime = stop.clone();
viewer.clock.currentTime = start.clone();
viewer.timeline.zoomTo(start, stop);
// Speed up the playback speed 50x.
viewer.clock.multiplier = 50;
// Start playing the scene.
viewer.clock.shouldAnimate = true;

// The SampledPositionedProperty stores the position and timestamp for each sample along the radar sample series.
const positionProperty = new Cesium.SampledPositionProperty();

for (let i = 0; i < flightData.length; i++) {
  const dataPoint = flightData[i];

  // Declare the time for this individual sample and store it in a new JulianDate instance.
  const time = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(start, i * timeStepInSeconds, new Cesium.JulianDate());
  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(dataPoint.longitude, dataPoint.latitude, dataPoint.height);
  // Store the position along with its timestamp.
  // Here we add the positions all upfront, but these can be added at run-time as samples are received from a server.
  positionProperty.addSample(time, position);

  viewer.entities.add({
    description: `Location: (${dataPoint.longitude}, ${dataPoint.latitude}, ${dataPoint.height})`,
    position: position,
    point: { pixelSize: 10, color: Cesium.Color.RED }
  });
}

// STEP 4 CODE (green circle entity)
// Create an entity to both visualize the entire radar sample series with a line and add a point that moves along the samples.
const airplaneEntity = viewer.entities.add({
  availability: new Cesium.TimeIntervalCollection([ new Cesium.TimeInterval({ start: start, stop: stop }) ]),
  position: positionProperty,
  point: { pixelSize: 30, color: Cesium.Color.GREEN },
  path: new Cesium.PathGraphics({ width: 3 })
});
// Make the camera track this moving entity.
viewer.trackedEntity = airplaneEntity;

A transatlantic flight is a good example of how 3D visualization makes data easier to interpret. In reality, the line that connects the radar samples is mostly straight. On a 2D map, it would appear curved when using the common web mercator projection:

6Upload an airplane model

As a final step we’re going to attach a 3D model of an airplane to our entity instead of the green point.

1Download the 3D model of the airplane.

2Go to your account dashboard. Drag and drop the model file on this page.

3Select 3D Model (Convert to glTF), then click Upload.

4After it’s done processing, find the asset ID by selecting the new asset back in your dashboard and looking under the preview window on the right.

7Attach the airplane model

1Remove the code starting with the line:

// STEP 4 CODE (green circle entity)

through the end of the code.

2Replace it with the following code.

3Replace your_asset_id with your asset ID.

// STEP 6 CODE (airplane entity)
async function loadModel() {
  // Load the glTF model from Cesium ion.
  const airplaneUri = await Cesium.IonResource.fromAssetId(your_asset_id);
  const airplaneEntity = viewer.entities.add({
    availability: new Cesium.TimeIntervalCollection([ new Cesium.TimeInterval({ start: start, stop: stop }) ]),
    position: positionProperty,
    // Attach the 3D model instead of the green point.
    model: { uri: airplaneUri },
    // Automatically compute the orientation from the position.
    orientation: new Cesium.VelocityOrientationProperty(positionProperty),    
    path: new Cesium.PathGraphics({ width: 3 })
  });
  
  viewer.trackedEntity = airplaneEntity;
}

loadModel();

You now have an airplane model following the flight radar samples! If you have your own 3D model, try adding it to your scene instead of the provided model.

Complete source code

Here is the complete source code for this app with your_token_here and your_asset_id placeholders.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <script src="https://cesium.com/downloads/cesiumjs/releases/1.123/Build/Cesium/Cesium.js"></script>
  <link href="https://cesium.com/downloads/cesiumjs/releases/1.123/Build/Cesium/Widgets/widgets.css" rel="stylesheet">
  <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
  <div id="cesiumContainer"></div>
  <script type="module">
    // Your access token can be found at: https://ion.cesium.com/tokens.
    // Replace `your_access_token` with your Cesium ion access token.
    Cesium.Ion.defaultAccessToken = 'your_access_token';

    // STEP 4 CODE (replaces steps 2 and 3)
    // Keep your `Cesium.Ion.defaultAccessToken = 'your_token_here'` line from before here. 
    const viewer = new Cesium.Viewer('cesiumContainer', {
      terrain: Cesium.Terrain.fromWorldTerrain(),
    });

    const osmBuildings = await Cesium.createOsmBuildingsAsync();
    viewer.scene.primitives.add(osmBuildings);

    const flightData = JSON.parse(
      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    );

    /* Initialize the viewer clock:
      Assume the radar samples are 30 seconds apart, and calculate the entire flight duration based on that assumption.
      Get the start and stop date times of the flight, where the start is the known flight departure time (converted from PST 
        to UTC) and the stop is the start plus the calculated duration. (Note that Cesium uses Julian dates. See 
        https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day.)
      Initialize the viewer's clock by setting its start and stop to the flight start and stop times we just calculated. 
      Also, set the viewer's current time to the start time and take the user to that time. 
    */
    const timeStepInSeconds = 30;
    const totalSeconds = timeStepInSeconds * (flightData.length - 1);
    const start = Cesium.JulianDate.fromIso8601("2020-03-09T23:10:00Z");
    const stop = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(start, totalSeconds, new Cesium.JulianDate());
    viewer.clock.startTime = start.clone();
    viewer.clock.stopTime = stop.clone();
    viewer.clock.currentTime = start.clone();
    viewer.timeline.zoomTo(start, stop);
    // Speed up the playback speed 50x.
    viewer.clock.multiplier = 50;
    // Start playing the scene.
    viewer.clock.shouldAnimate = true;

    // The SampledPositionedProperty stores the position and timestamp for each sample along the radar sample series.
    const positionProperty = new Cesium.SampledPositionProperty();

    for (let i = 0; i < flightData.length; i++) {
      const dataPoint = flightData[i];

      // Declare the time for this individual sample and store it in a new JulianDate instance.
      const time = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(start, i * timeStepInSeconds, new Cesium.JulianDate());
      const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(dataPoint.longitude, dataPoint.latitude, dataPoint.height);
      // Store the position along with its timestamp.
      // Here we add the positions all upfront, but these can be added at run-time as samples are received from a server.
      positionProperty.addSample(time, position);

      viewer.entities.add({
        description: `Location: (${dataPoint.longitude}, ${dataPoint.latitude}, ${dataPoint.height})`,
        position: position,
        point: { pixelSize: 10, color: Cesium.Color.RED }
      });
    }

    // STEP 6 CODE (airplane entity)
    async function loadModel() {
      // Load the glTF model from Cesium ion.
      const airplaneUri = await Cesium.IonResource.fromAssetId(your_asset_id);
      const airplaneEntity = viewer.entities.add({
        availability: new Cesium.TimeIntervalCollection([ new Cesium.TimeInterval({ start: start, stop: stop }) ]),
        position: positionProperty,
        // Attach the 3D model instead of the green point.
        model: { uri: airplaneUri },
        // Automatically compute the orientation from the position.
        orientation: new Cesium.VelocityOrientationProperty(positionProperty),    
        path: new Cesium.PathGraphics({ width: 3 })
      });
      
      viewer.trackedEntity = airplaneEntity;
    }

    loadModel();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Next steps

Learn how to set up your Cesium app in other environments with the Quickstart.
Or explore our live code examples.